Population Migration Resources for 'AS' Geog

As with the other Population issues, start off with my GCSE links page, many of which would also be relevant to 'AS' students.

Why do people decide to move ? Is it always something they have a choice about ?

Think about the following 'binaries': forced / voluntary, internal / external, local / international, permanent / temporary

A new mini-site by Richard Allaway to look at population migration - this one follows the discovery of a ship with dead bodies on it...

a) Most migrants only proceed a short distance, and toward centres of absorption.

b) As migrants move toward absorption centres, they leave "gaps" that are filled up by migrants from more remote districts, creating migration flows that reach to what Ravenstein called "the most remote corner of the kingdom."

d) Each main current of migration produces a compensating counter-current (see the Wikipedia article and see if this has been the case historically)

e) Migrants proceeding long distances generally go by preference to one of the great centres of commerce and/or industry.

g) Females are more migratory than males. (Interesting this one - why do you think it is ? is it true ?)

The BBC has launched several excellent resources which we would be able to make use of this year.

There is the BORN ABROAD site, which looks at the people now living in the UK who were 'born abroad' as the title suggests.

There is also a new site which looks at the changing shape of the UK POPULATION

A discovery for 2006 via forum was an excellent website on the large Portuguese-speaking community in Thetford at the wonderfully named SPAM AND CHIPS. This would make an excellent case study for 'AS' students, especially the ones from Norfolk that I teach.

	Start by asking students to consider this quote: “Migration is the oldest action against poverty. It selects those who most want help. It is good for the country to which they go; it helps break the equilibrium of poverty in the country from which they come. What is the perversity in the human soul that causes people to resist so obvious a good ?” J K Galbraith	Discuss.... And don't forget to PEE... What are their views on migration ?
1	Rich Allaway's AFGHANISTAN resource I will be using Richard Allaway's rather marvellous resource on the Afghanistan refugee crisis. http://www.geographyalltheway.com/ib_geography/popnresourcesdevelop/ibpopulation/afghanistan_migration.htm Has PPT introduction and series of instructions with weblinks. Students can also work through this ONLINE without teacher interventions. Also consider the situation in Darfur, which can now be viewed in GOOGLE EARTH.	Need to consider your impressions of migration. A very useful book in this area has been recently published by Philippe Legrain - have a copy of this book as a key resource. A counter argument can be obtained by reading this book, which paints a different picture. The archive of a paper like the Daily Mail might provide some useful resource material.
2	I'm a Pensioner - get me out of here ! There has been a movement towards older people moving abroad in search of a new life. Whereas many migrants from LEDCs are younger, it seems to be the older people who are leaving the UK. More than 1 million pensioners (1 in 12 of those over 65) already live overseas, and that is likely to rise to over 3 million (or 1 in 5) by 2020 according to institute for Public Policy research. Most popular countries for pensioners are: Australia - 245,000 Canada - 160,000 US - 132,000 Spain - 75,000 Spain - 34,000 Italy - 34,000 This movement is known as "silver flight" & the pensioners themselves have been given the name Snowbirds. Report on the exodus of people from the UK... Independent Front Page - December 2007	Music: When I'm 64 - 'The Beatles'...
3	Local Stories A discovery for 2006 via forum was an excellent website on the large Portuguese-speaking community in Thetford at the wonderfully named SPAM AND CHIPS. This would make an excellent case study for 'AS' students, especially the ones from Norfolk that I teach. http://spamandchips.net/portuguese/index.htm	Explore issues in local press related to migration. Think of the importance in the local economy of migrant workers in food processing industry.
4	The Lure of the City http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6343421.stm - useful BBC article on India.	Read the BBC article.
5	POLAND PAGE There are a large number of migrants from Poland in the UK. The recent closure of Bernard Matthews plant in Suffolk has threatened hundreds of Portuguese migrants with job losses.	Newspaper articles Video Clips "Cost - Benefit" analysis
6	Migrants BBC NEWS 24 Special Report Around a fifth of migrants are illegal. They send hundreds of millions of pounds home to their home communities Richard Bilton - Africa to Spain (Senegal) - Barcelona or Hell - as many as 1 in 5 people who set off from Africa to the Canary Islands never make it. Phillipines - US / Mexican border - US has around 35 million migrants - follows Border Patrol Yemen - E. Africa to Middle East from Bossaso in Somalia Baghdad - people fleeing violence in Iraq Philippine migrants to the UK - impact on society - problems of healthcare workers - pay £24 000 in UK, £1800 in Manila Related to this is a series of resources produced by the RED CROSS on this aspect. In November 2007, there was also a story about the latest group of migrants to fail to make the crossing from Senegal to the Canary Islands.	Also check out the recent TOURISM story in Mexico and also the story on migrants being given GPS machinery to help them get across the desert.
7	Read GeoFactsheet article 89: "Migration Case Studies" You will need to prepare some notes on the following tasks, and hand them in on Tuesday the 20th of March. It is important that we keep up the momentum and you need to be doing additional reading around this topic. Start with your WAUGH textbook, but don't stop there ! a) Outline the differences between the different types of migration, and give an actual example of each one: i) forced and voluntary ii) short term and long term iii) internal and external iv) permanent and temporary b) You need to produce a 200 word response to the quote below - need to consider whether you agree or disagree with the quote (and the extent to which you do this) and the “Migration is the oldest action against poverty. It selects those who most want help. It is good for the country to which they go; it helps break the equilibrium of poverty in the country from which they come. What is the perversity in the human soul that causes people to resist so obvious a good ?” J K Galbraith c) Read the section in Waugh on population migration, with reference to the border between the USA and Mexico. Also check out a few resources which are listed below: d) What are the benefits of migration into the USA from Mexico for a) the migrant, b) the USA and c) Mexico ? e) Research the BRACERO agreement and the recent trends towards migration and the BORDER PATROLS. What are the arguments for and against allowing Mexican migrant workers into the USA. f) What are MAQUILADORAS (this section has a crossover with the A2 unit on Economic Systems, and will also be useful for the Synoptic paper coverage) Why were they set up in Mexico ? g) Read the article on CANADA. Why is Canada keen to attract new migrants ? Take the test here: would you be able to get in to Canada ? http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/skilled/assess/index.html Don't forget the e-mail if there's a problem... as some of you did !	Waugh: GAIA Articles Library Websites referred to in the details
8	Moving Stories... Review of the work done in the previous week: Geo Factsheet: 189 - read and digest ! There are 4 types of migration: these can be used in combination to CLASSIFY migrants: also bear in mind the other circumstances which create refugees or asylum seekers. We looked at a range of issues, starting with the reason for the movement. We explained how migration occurs and why it occurs. FORCED Some examples: Physical Tectonic Hazards: Bam, Montserrat (British citizens) Hydrological Hazards: Flooding, "Climate Refugees" - refer to article by James Lovelock in the Guardian from his book "Revenge of Gaia" Meteorological Hazards: Katrina and New Orleans Human Religious Persecution Middle East conflict: disputed territories and the Israeli / Palestine conflict. Chernobyl e.g. Pripyat and other settlements which had to be evacuated - can find image sets which I did mention ZIMBABWE, and the nature of President Mugabe's rule which means that many people fear for their lives. ITN had Neil Connery and cameraman reporting from within Zimbabwe. Details: Special report in 'The Guardian' on March 17th (check website) Important facts: Average life expectancy at birth in Zimbabwe is just 37 (compared with 60 in 1990) 3 million people have fled the country in search of a new life Infant mortality rate is 81 per 1000 National income per person is only $340 (compared with $4960 in S. Africa) 56% of the population live on less than $1 a day ! Also mentioned Baghdad, and ITN reported by this too. There is also a very useful GIS like page at the BBC NEWS website. VOLUNTARY Suggested that most voluntary movements are aspirational, and that people move for various reasons. Ones we identified included: education family employment 'quality of life' happiness downsizing retirement	Review migration issues. Remember to explore different aspects of migration. Referred to the people picking vegetables in the freezing cold and snow flurries near Knights Hill this morning. We discussed the difference between: ASYLUM SEEKERS REFUGEES ECONOMIC MIGRANTS ILLEGAL IMMIGRANTS Make sure you remember the difference...
9	Student Presentations - Work produced by Mr. Bilbie Split the group into small groups (3 are suggested) - the presentation will deal with issue and involve giving information and some sort of practical task to the rest of the group. a) The impact of migration on the physical environment b) Theoretical and practical ways of determining sphere of influence c) What is nearest neighbour analysis and how does it work ?
10	Another school which has some very useful weblinks for this topic is the Harry Carlton School, which has an excellent HUMANITIES site overseen (I presume) by maccyn from the SLN FORUM, who has recently offered some help to Miss Davidson. This site is based around Edexcel 'B', rather than the Syllabus 'A' we do. http://www.harrycarlton.co.uk/subjects/hums/HTML%20Files/ASA2Geography.html There are some good links below gleaned from the pages: OPTIMUM POPULATION : site looking at whether the UK is overcrowded, and has exceeded its optimum population. UNDERPOPULATION - we used the example of Canada, and the policy of allowing immigration into remote rural areas to deal with some of the issues created by unequal distribution of population within the country....
11	PAST QUESTIONS Keep an eye out for questions and mark schemes from other specifications as they can often offer a different perspective on a topic and provide some additional materials. Check the different Awarding Bodies and their specifications.
12	GOVERNMENT STRATEGIES WHICH MAY AFFECT FERTILITY AND POPULATION GROWTH Try to determine whether these are ANTI or PRO natalist, and name a country where they have been tried. Birth bonuses Compulsory sterilisation Social education Improvements to female literacy Salary enhancement per child Restrictions on the number of children per family Family planning programmes Forced abortion Redefining the role of women Lowering child benefit Subsidies on children's clothing and food Spending on primary health care Minimum marrying age - certification Cash incentives for mothers and families Limitations or bans on contraceptive use
13	BURMA's NEW CAPITAL A nice new contemporary case study example to mention... http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/6498029.stm The new city of Naypyidaw or 'Abode of Kings' Why was the capital built where it is ? How does the capital compare to other cities in Burma ?
14	Models of Migration You know my views on Models by now. They are useful in identifying key areas, but they also make assumptions which often prove to be their undoing. Some models are also old, and relate to situations which have changed. GRAVITY MODELS: Mathematical in nature BEHAVIOURAL MODELS: Stouffer's Intervening Opportunities. Check out Rob Chambers' new Slideshares on the GeoBlogBytes weblog.	Articles Resource Module 13 from Philip Allan Answers to Gravity Model activity
15	St. Kilda This was suggested by Simon Oakes in a posting below. I have long been fascinated by St. Kilda: one of the places I would like to visit at some point, whether on a work party or cruise ship. St. Kilda was a remote outpost of settlement, many miles west of the Outer Hebrides. Click to enlarge: thanks to http://www.kilda.org.uk/ for the map. http://www.kilda.org.uk/weekildaguide/ - see below - great kids' site Some great resources at the Scottish Agricultural College website	http://www.kilda.org.uk/ Super website which tracks the ebb and flow of the mvements of population on the island over the years.
This has great potential to use for a case study lower down the school: I will have to think seriously about adding this. http://www.kilda.org.uk/weekildaguide/
16	USA / MEXICO - an important case study to use.... Population of Mexico risen by 7 times since 1910 People of Mexico Around 60% Mestizo, 30% Native American Maquiladoras supply parts for GM motors (remember the link to Flint, Michigan that Mr. Dolan mentioned) - also produce Chrysler, Chevrolets Fender Guitar plant at Ensenada in 1987 - making a US product. 15 February 2008, 7.30pm Unreported World reports from the Sonora desert in Northern Mexico. Hot, waterless and full of rattlesnakes, it's crossed every day by thousands of migrants desperate to reach the USA - many of whom die a lonely death trying to fulfill their dream of a better life. Unreported World comes from one of the most hostile places on earth - the Sonora desert in Northern Mexico. Hot, waterless and full of rattlesnakes, it's crossed every day by thousands of migrants desperate to reach the USA - many of whom die a lonely death trying to fulfill their dream of a better life. Reporter Aidan Hartley and producer Julie Noon begin their journey at the San Miguel Gate crossing. There, they meet Marta, a young woman who will pay people smugglers known as coyotes $3000 to get her across the border. She tells Hartley that she owes the coyotes the money which she will pay off once she gets a job, putting her into a form of bonded labour. Travelling deeper into the desert, the team comes across a monument to the more than 2950 people, including children, who have died in this part of the desert. They are just some of the estimated million people who try to cross the border every year. Hartley and Noon find one exhausted group, some of whom have been travelling for weeks already. They are only carrying tiny bottles of water in the scorching heat and are ill-equipped to survive the freezing nights as they begin their walk of up to fifty dangerous miles through the desert. Crossing the border into the USA, the team meets a volunteer group in Tucson. They've produced what they call a death map, showing the distribution of some 4000 people who've died while crossing the desert since the mid 1990s. As border security and immigration move towards the top of the agenda in the upcoming US elections, the authorities are cracking down on migrants. The volunteer group tell Hartley that every time additional personnel or more technology are added to secure the border, the migrants are forced to take ever more circuitous routes and are exposed to the elements for longer periods, resulting in more deaths. A local forensic anthropologist tells Hartley that some migrants take their own life rather than die a painful death lost in the desert. The team moves on to Phoenix where authorities have begun a crack-down on illegal migrants, which has sharply divided opinions and polarised the city. Local Sheriff Joe Arpaio tells the team that he believes all illegal migrants should be removed from the country. "We have a lot of money, I'm sure we could hire a few buses and go state by state, I'm sure they could load up the buses and spend some gas and deport take them to Mexico," he tells Hartley. People trafficking has now become mixed up with narcotics gangs who are preying on migrants. Hartley visits the Drug Enforcement Administration's office in Tucson, which seizes nearly half of all marijuana entering the USA. Head of the Office, Anthony Coulson tells Hartley that traffickers are arranging for migrants to carry rucksacks containing 50lbs of the drug across the border, in return for a promise of transport to their final destination. The team returns to the Mexican side of the frontier, where thousands of people are being returned across the border in buses. And just where they are dropped off, a gang of coyotes is waiting to pounce as the migrants to begin yet another attempt to fulfill their dreams and reach the promised land.	In February 2008, there was an excellent programme in the Unreported World strand on Channel 4, which looked at the migrants crossing the Sonoran desert. Need to research some of the people involved. Who are the MINUTEMEN ? What are their aims and their views ? Who are IAs ? Who are the COYOTES ? What about the Tucson Sheriff Arpaio, and the 'death map'? How is migration related to drugs ? Thermal imagery being used. How about doing a search for images of the Mexican border and the wall on Flickr... Also a short snippet on Michael Palin's FULL CIRCLE series.
17	Transmigration in Indonesia - one of those classics which has to be done... Key Questions from the article (and other sources which you can find...) What is / was the aim of transmigration in Indonesia ? Where did people move from / to ? What were the push factors from Jakarta ? What have been the social, economic and environmental impacts of transmigration policy on Kalimantan and the Dayak people ? What problems have the transmigrants faced ?	Article - produced by Miss Davidson Video
18	Groups of migrants in particular areas The Guardian have a special interactive section: THE WORLD IN ONE COUNTRY http://www.guardian.co.uk/flash/0,,1690291,00.html This may well have changed in the last year. Local examples: Thetford: Portuguese - check out the HAM and SPAM website that I have mentioned before. WHY DO MIGRANTS OFTEN LIVE IN THE SAME AREAS OF TOWNS ? This is a situation I'm familiar with from my 3 years living in Huddersfield in the 1980s. A lot of student housing was also in the areas where New Commonwealth migrants settled: because it was cheap ! I lived up on the hill towards Newsome, but we had a great Asian-owned corner shop which was 'open all hours'. What impact do migrants have on the countries they leave, and the countries they arrive in ? Students need to know the 'facts' and the develop their own opinions...
19	May 2007 BBC News articles http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6566453.stm - a new points based system for entry into the UK ? http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6673911.stm - priority given to UK residents over migrants for housing ?
20	http://www.optimumpopulation.org/index.html - the true value of a condom ? Savings on carbon footprint equate to a value of around £30 000 over a lifetime. Interesting cost-benefit analysis.
21	TEN POUND POMS This was a program in the Timewatch series in February 2008 I produced a resource which is embedded in the table below... \| View \| Upload your own	Activities in the spreadsheet.
22	UK Population Change. It's important to remember that the last census was in 2001, and many recent changes have happened since 2004. These are not covered by the Census In May 2007, there was a Census Test ready for the 2011 Census. We had a starter involving migration from CUBA to the USA (this was in the week that Castro announced that he was stepping down...) Also used a number of other useful documents for this section which look at the changes post 2001... Need to dig deeper for these.. Useful article on what would happen if the Poles went home http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/7316261.stm Also some useful materials, as always, in Guardian SOCIETY section.

Assumptions: transport costs are equal in all directions, and everybody has the same information relating to the places that they might move to.

How do the SIZES and DISTANCES between the settlements below affect the interactions shown on the gravity model.

City	Population (000s)	Distance from London (miles)
London	7750
Birmingham	1020	120
Leeds	700	200
Liverpool	460	215
Manchester	450	205
Bristol	400	120
King's Lynn	30	100

2.3 POPULATION MOVEMENTS